Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS) and its countermeasures.

Publication Type	Review
Authors	Nguyen T, Ong J, Brunstetter T, Gibson C, Macias B, Laurie S, Mader T, Hargens A, Buckey J, Lan M, Wostyn P, Kadipasaoglu C, Smith S, Zwart S, Frankfort B, Aman S, Scott J, Waisberg E, Masalkhi M, Lee A
Journal	Prog Retin Eye Res
Volume	106
Pagination	101340
Date Published	02/17/2025
ISSN	1873-1635
Keywords	Space Flight, Weightlessness, Eye Diseases, Papilledema
Abstract	Astronauts can develop a distinct collection of neuro-ophthalmic findings during long duration spaceflight, collectively known as Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS). These clinical characteristics include optic disc edema, hyperopic refractive shifts, globe flattening, and chorioretinal folds, which may pose a health risk for future space exploration. Obtaining knowledge of SANS and countermeasures for its prevention is crucial for upcoming crewed space missions and warrants a multidisciplinary approach. This review examines the potential causes and countermeasures of SANS, including space anticipation glasses, lower body negative pressure, venoconstrictive thigh cuffs, impedance threshold devices, translaminar pressure gradient modulation, centrifugation, artificial gravity, pharmaceuticals, and precision nutritional supplementation. This paper highlights future research directions for understanding the genetic, anthropometric, behavioral, and environmental susceptibilities to SANS as well as how to use terrestrial analogs for testing future mitigation strategies.
DOI	10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101340
PubMed ID	39971096
PubMed Central ID	PMC12103276